15687-27-1

Ibuprofen belongs to a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic. It has excellent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effect with less adverse reactions. Ibuprofen is a white, crystalline anti-infl ammatory drug used in numerous medications. It is the active ingredient marketed under various trade names including Advil, Motrin, and Nurofen. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drug (NSAID) used as a pain reliever (analgesic), fever reducer (antipyretic), and inflammation reducer. Infl ammation is a general physiological response to tissue damage characterized by swelling, pain, and heat.Ibuprofen works by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which in turn interferes with the synthesis of prostaglandins. COX exists as several coenzyme forms that are similar in structure: COX-1, COX-2, COX-3; ibuprofen is a nonselective inhibitor of both COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is continually produced in mammalian cells throughout the body in response to physiological stimuli. A common goal in the development of pain and inflammation medicines has been the creation of compounds that have the ability to treat inflammation, fever, and pain without disrupting other physiological functions. General pain relievers, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. A medication's specificaction toward COX-1 versus COX-2 determines the potential for adverse side effects. Medications with greater specificity toward COX-1 will have greater potential for producing adverse side effects. By deactivating COX-1, nonselective pain relievers increase the chance of undesirable side effects, especially digestive problems such as stomach ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding. COX-2 inhibitors, such as Vioxx and Celebrex, selectively deactivate COX-2 and do not aff ect COX-1 at prescribed dosages. COX-2 inhibitors are widely prescribed for arthritis and pain relief. In 2004, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced that an increased risk of heart attack and stroke was associated with certain COX-2 inhibitors. This led to warning labels and voluntary removal of products from the market by drug producers; for example, Merck took Vioxx off the market in 2004. Although ibuprofen inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2, it has several times the specificity toward COX-2 compared to aspirin, producing fewer gastrointestinal side effects.

Definition

ChEBI: A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl group.

Indications

Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) is used as an analgesic and antipyretic as well as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and degenerative joint disease. The most frequently observed side effects are nausea, heartburn, epigastric pain, rash, and dizziness. Incidence of GI side effects is lower than with indomethacin.Visual changes and cross-sensitivity to aspirin have been reported. Ibuprofen inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 about equally. It decreases platelet aggregation, but the duration is shorter and the effect quantitatively lower than with aspirin. Ibuprofen prolongs bleeding times toward high normal value and should be used with caution in patients who have coagulation deficits or are receiving anticoagulant therapy.

Brand name

Abbifen;Abuprohm;Abu-tab;Aches-n-pain;Acril;Actifen;Actiprofen;Actren;Addaprin;Advil 200 mg;Advil cold & sinus;Agisan;Aktren;Aldospray;Algiasdin;Algifor;Algisan;Algofer;Altior;Amersol;Anadin ibuprofen;Analgesico;Analgil;Analgyl;Anco;Antalgil;Antiflam;Antiruggen;Apsifen;Artofen;Artren;Artril;Artrofen;Bayer select ibuprofen pain reliever;Benflogin;Betagesic;Betaprofen;Brofen 200 mg;Brofen 400 mg;Brufert;Brufort;Buborone;Bufedon;Bufigen;Burana;Cesra;Children's advil;Children's motrin;Codafen continus;Contraneural;Contrneural;Cuisialigil;Cunil;Cuprofen;Dansida;Dentigoa forte;Dignoflex;Dimetap sinus;Dimidon;Dismenodl n;Dolgirit;Dolocyl;Dolo-dolgit;Dologesic;Dolo-neos;Dolo-puren;Doltibil;Dolven;Donjust-b;Dorival;Dristan sinus;Duradyne;Dura-ibu;Duralbuprofen;Dysdolen;Ecoprofen;Ediluna;Esprenit;Excedrin ib;Exidol;Exneural;Femafen;Femapirin;Femidol;Fenalgic;Fenlong;Genpril;Guildprofen;Halprin;Ibenon;Ibol;Ibosure;Ibruthalal;Ibu-attritin;Ibucasen;Ibu-cream;Ibufac;Ibufen tablets;Ibufen-l;Ibufug;Ibugel;Ibugesic;Ibuhexal;Ibular;Ibulav;Ibuleve;Ibulgan;Ibumetin;Ibuphlogont;Ibupirac;Ibuprin;Ibuprofen 200;Ibuprohm;Ibu-slow;Ibusure;Ibu-tab;Ibutad;Ibutid;Ibutop;Ibuvivimed;Ibux;Imben;Inabrin;Incefal;Inflam;Inoven;Inza;Iproben;Irfen;Isdol;Isisfen;Junifen;Kalma;Kos;Lacondan;Librofem;Librofen;Lidifen;Lisi-budol;Mediprofen;Melfen;Menado ibuprofen usp;Midol 200 advanced pain formula;Midol ib;Migrafen;Minadol;Moment;Motrin ib;Narfen;Neobrofen;Neobrufen;Nerofen;Niapren;Novaprin;Novogent;Novoprofen;Nu-ibuprofen;Optifen;Opturem;Pacifene;Padudent;Paxofen;Pfeil;Phor pain;Posodolor;Prontalgin;Recudik;Relcofen;Rheufen;Rimafen;Saleto-600;Seclodin;Sedaspray;Serviprofen;Sine-aid ib;Solufen;Spedifen;Stadasan;Superior pain medicine;Supreme pain medicine;Supren;Suspren;Tabalon;Tempil;Tendar;Trauma-dolgit;Ultraprin;Valprin.

Therapeutic Function

Antiinflammatory

World Health Organization (WHO)

Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, was introduced in 1969. It was approved for sale without prescription in packages containing no more than 400 mg, in the United Kingdom in 1983. This action was followed by the USA, Canada and several European countries. Since this time reports of suspected adverse effects have increased. Most of these relate to gastrointestinal disturbances, hypersensitivity reactions but aseptic meningitis, skin rashes and renal damage have been recorded.

Synthesis Reference(s)

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 31, p. 3139, 1983 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.31.3139The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 52, p. 287, 1987 DOI: 10.1021/jo00378a027

Flammability and Explosibility

Nonflammable

Biochem/physiol Actions

Primary TargetCOX-1

Pharmacokinetics

Ibuprofen is rapidly absorbed on oral administration, with peak plasma levels being generally attained within 2 hours and a duration of action of less than 6 hours. As with most of these acidic NSAIDs, ibuprofen (pKa = 4.4) is extensively bound to plasma proteins (99%) and will interact with other acidic drugs that are protein bound.

Clinical Use

Ibuprofen is indicated for the relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, the relief of mild to moderate pain, the reduction of fever, and the treatment of dysmenorrhea.

Synthesis

Ibuprofen, 2-(4-iso-butylphenyl)propionic acid (3.2.23), can be synthesized by various methods [88–98]. The simplest way to synthesize ibuprofen is by the acylation of iso-butylbenzol by acetyl chloride. The resulting iso-butylbenzophenone (3.2.21) is reacted with sodium cyanide, giving oxynitrile (3.2.22), which upon reaction with hydroiodic acid in the presence of phosphorus is converted into 2-(4-iso-butylphenyl)propionic acid (3.2.23), which subsequently undergoes phases of dehydration, reduction, and hydrolysis.Another way to synthesize ibuprofen consists of the chloromethylation of iso-butylbenzene, giving 4-iso-butylbenzylchloride (3.2.24). This product is reacted with sodium cyanide, making 4-iso-butylbenzyl cyanide (3.2.25), which is alkylated in the presence of sodium amide by methyl iodide into 2-(4-iso-butylbenzyl)propionitrile (3.2.26). Hydrolysis of the resulting product in the presence of a base produces ibuprofen (3.2.23).

Drug interactions

Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-II antagonists: antagonism of hypotensive effect; increased risk of nephrotoxicity and hyperkalaemia. Analgesics: avoid concomitant use of 2 or more NSAIDs, including aspirin (increased side effects); avoid with ketorolac (increased risk of side effects and haemorrhage); possibly reduced antiplatelet effect with aspirin. Antibacterials: possibly increased risk of convulsions with quinolones. Anticoagulants: effects of coumarins and phenindione enhanced; possibly increased risk of bleeding with heparins, dabigatran and edoxaban - avoid long term use with edoxaban. Antidepressants: increased risk of bleeding with SSRIs and venlaflaxine. Antidiabetic agents: effects of sulphonylureas enhanced. Antiepileptics: possibly increased phenytoin concentration. Antivirals: increased risk of haematological toxicity with zidovudine; concentration possibly increased by ritonavir. Ciclosporin: may potentiate nephrotoxicity. Cytotoxics: reduced excretion of methotrexate; increased risk of bleeding with erlotinib. Diuretics: increased risk of nephrotoxicity; antagonism of diuretic effect; hyperkalaemia with potassium-sparing diuretics. Lithium: excretion decreased. Pentoxifylline: increased risk of bleeding. Tacrolimus: increased risk of nephrotoxicity.

InChI:InChI=1/C13H18O2/c1-9(2)8-11-4-6-12(7-5-11)10(3)13(14)15/h4-7,9-10H,8H2,1-3H3,(H,14,15)/p-1/t10-/m1/s1