25316-40-9

Doxorubicin (DXR) is a clinically important cancer chemotherapeutic agent and, in spite of undesirable acute and long-term toxic effects, DXR remains one of the most widely used antitumor drugs because of its broad spectrum of activity[1]. DXR was first isolated in 1969[1] from Streptomyces peucetius subsp caesius ATCC 27952, a higher DXR-producing mutant strain derived from the wild-type S. peucetius ATCC 29050 strain, and is formed by C-14 hydroxylation of its immediate precursor, DNR. It is a potent antitumour agent active against a wide spectrum of malignancies, including leukaemias, sarcomas, breast cancer, small cell lung cancer and ovarian cancer. Doxorubicin is used to produce regression in disseminated neoplastic conditions like acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, Wilms’ tumor, neuroblastoma, soft tissue and bone sarcomas, breast carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, transitional cell bladder carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease, malignant lymphoma and bronchogenic carcinoma in which the small cell histologic type is the most responsive compared to other cell types. Doxorubicin is also indicated for use as a component of adjuvant therapy in women with evidence of axillary lymph node involvement following resection of primary breast cancer. A detailed study of the mechanisms involved in doxorubicin-induced changes in membrane structure and function has not been undertaken. However, doxorubicin binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor at clinically relevant drug concentrations, and alters its function.

Chemical Properties

Doxorubicin is an orange to red cake-like or needle-like crystalline solid. It is a cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotic isolated from cultures of Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius. Doxorubicin hydrochloride is an orange-red, crystalline, hygroscopic powder that is soluble in water and slightly soluble in methanol.

Originator

Adriblastina,Farmitalia,Italy,1971

Brand name

Adriamycin (Pharmacia & Upjohn); Doxil (ALZA); Rubex (Bristol-Myers Squibb).

Biological Functions

The C13 substituent of doxorubicin is hydroxymethyl, which retards the action of cytosolic aldoketoreductase and slows the conversion to the equally active, but chronically cardiotoxic, doxorubicinol.

Fire Hazard

Doxorubicin hydrochloride is probably combustible.

Biological Activity

Antitumor antibiotic agent that inhibits DNA topoisomerase II. DNA intercalator that inhibits nucleic acid synthesis and induces apoptosis.

Biochem/physiol Actions

Naturally fluorescent anthracycline antibiotic, anticancer drug. Doxorubicin is a substrate of MRP1 which was first cloned from a DOX-resistant lung cancer cell line. Fluorescent property has been exploited for the measurement of drug efflux pump activities as well as resolving the important question of intracellular localization of various multidrug resistance proteins and the role of subcellular organelles (Golgi and lysosome) in the sequestration of drugs and its implication in drug resistant phenotypes.

Shipping

UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required.

Incompatibilities

Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides

Waste Disposal

It is inappropriate and possibly dangerous to the environment to dispose of expired or waste pharmaceuticals by flushing them down the toilet or discarding them to the trash. Household quantities of expired or waste pharmaceuticals may be mixed with wet cat litter or coffee grounds, double-bagged in plastic, discard in trash. Larger quantities shall carefully take into consideration applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. If possible return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal being careful to properly label and securely package the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely packaged and transported by a state licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.

InChI:InChI=1/C27H29NO11.ClH/c1-10-22(31)13(28)6-17(38-10)39-15-8-27(36,16(30)9-29)7-12-19(15)26(35)21-20(24(12)33)23(32)11-4-3-5-14(37-2)18(11)25(21)34;/h3-5,10,13,15,17,22,29,31,33,35-36H,6-9,28H2,1-2H3;1H/t10-,13-,15-,17-,22+,27-;/m0./s1